Leadership
Leading Change in Schools: The Eight Moves That Actually Work
Subheadline: Most school reforms don't fail on strategy. They fail on leadership — and four decades of change research explain exactly where.
Meta description: Why school change initiatives stall, and the eight moves from John Kotter's research that help heads of school carry reforms through.
Every head of school inherits a change agenda. A new curriculum framework. Artificial intelligence arriving in classrooms faster than policy can describe it. Enrollment patterns shifting under demographic pressure. A board asking for "innovation" while the timetable barely survives the term.
Most of these initiatives will stall. Not because the ideas are wrong — often they are sound — but because leading change in a school is a discipline of its own, and few leaders were ever trained in it. The good news is that the discipline has been studied. The best-known map comes from John Kotter, the Harvard Business School professor who spent four decades watching organizations attempt transformation. In Leading Change (1996), later refined in 2014, he distilled the pattern into an eight-step process. It was written for corporations. It reads, step for step, like a manual for school leadership.
The eight steps, translated for schools
1. Create a sense of urgency. Kotter's research found that complacency — not resistance — kills most change efforts. In schools, complacency wears a friendly face: decent results, full enrollment, a staff that likes things as they are. The leader's job is to make the case for change honest and specific before announcing any plan. Share the data the staff hasn't seen. Name the trend that will reach your school in three years. Urgency is not alarm; it is clarity about why standing still is the risky option.
2. Build a guiding coalition. One leader cannot carry a reform, however charismatic. Kotter insists the coalition needs position power, expertise, credibility, and leadership skill — and warns against big egos that sow mistrust. In a school, that means your deputy, two or three respected department heads, the teacher everyone listens to in the staff room, and ideally a governor or parent voice. If the coalition is just the senior leadership team, it isn't a coalition. It's a memo.
3. Form a strategic vision. An effective vision, in Kotter's terms, is imaginable, desirable, feasible, focused, and communicable in five minutes. "We will become an IB school" is a project, not a vision. "Every child in this school will leave able to think, write, and argue in two languages" is a vision. School leaders should test theirs the way Kotter suggests: can a teacher explain it to a parent at the gate?
4. Enlist a volunteer army. Kotter's updated language matters here — he deliberately replaced "communicate the vision" with enlisting volunteers, because large-scale change needs people who choose it. In schools, the volunteer army is the early-adopter teachers. Give them room, recognition, and cover. Change imposed on 100% of staff on day one is change owned by nobody.
5. Enable action by removing barriers. Every school has structures that quietly punish the new behavior: timetables that leave no collaboration time, appraisal systems that reward the old pedagogy, approval chains that exhaust initiative. Kotter is blunt — remove them. Leaders often ask staff to change while leaving every obstacle in place, then wonder why nothing moves.
6. Generate short-term wins. Kotter calls wins "the molecules of results" — they must be visible, unambiguous, and clearly connected to the change effort. In a school: one year group piloting the new assessment model and publishing its results. One department's AI-assisted marking trial, shared openly. Wins silence cynics more effectively than any speech, and they keep the volunteer army enlisted.
7. Sustain acceleration. This is where school reforms most often die. The pilot worked, the board applauded, and everyone exhaled — while the old habits crept back. Kotter warns against declaring victory too early and urges leaders to use early credibility to tackle bigger systems: policies, structures, the stubborn parts. In schools, that means the second year of a reform should be harder than the first, not easier.
8. Institute change — anchor it in culture. New approaches stick only when they are woven into "how we do things here": induction for new staff, promotion criteria, the stories the school tells about itself. Kotter's final step is explicit — articulate the connection between the new behaviors and the school's success until the new way is simply the way.
What school leaders get wrong
Three failure patterns recur in education, and Kotter's lens names each precisely.
First, announcing before building urgency. The strategic plan launches at the September inset day to polite applause and quiet dread, because nobody was shown why it matters. Six months later the plan is a document, not a direction.
Second, confusing communication with a launch email. Kotter's research stresses that vision must be communicated relentlessly, through every channel, and — critically — through the leader's own behavior. Teachers watch what the head does on a Tuesday far more closely than what the head says at inset.
Third, the coalition of one. The head drives the reform personally, works heroic hours, and burns out — or leaves, and the reform leaves with them. Sustainable change is always a team sport.
The deeper point
Michael Fullan, whose work on educational change parallels Kotter's, argues that change leadership in schools ultimately rests on moral purpose — the conviction that the change serves children — and on "coherence making," the leader's ability to connect the fragments into something staff can believe in. The Wallace Foundation's landmark research gives this stakes: leadership, Leithwood and colleagues found, is second only to classroom instruction among school-level influences on learning, and "there are virtually no documented instances of troubled schools being turned around without intervention by a powerful leader."
That is both a burden and a license. The burden: when reform stalls, the mirror is the first place to look. The license: the leader's craft — urgency honestly built, coalitions genuinely shared, wins visibly celebrated — is not soft skill decoration. It is, the research says, the mechanism by which schools actually get better.
Change in schools will always be harder than in most organizations, because the "product" is children and the workforce is a profession with its own deep culture. But the pattern of successful change is documented, teachable, and repeatable. Eight moves. The leaders who master them don't just survive their change agenda — they become the reason it worked.
DZY INFO's leadership desk covers the craft of running schools. Tips: news@dzy.info.
Leadership
Stop Promoting Your Best Teachers Out of the Classroom
Great Teachers Don’t Want Leadership Roles, But They’re Forced Into Them: Pay Them to Stay
A few weeks ago, a simple provocation set education LinkedIn on fire: the best teacher in a school should not have to leave the classroom to earn a decent living — yet in most schools, that is exactly what the pay structure demands.
The post struck a nerve because every educator recognizes the pattern. A brilliant teacher — the one students remember for decades, the one whose classroom hums — climbs the salary scale for a handful of years and then hits the ceiling. From there, the annual increments shrink to almost nothing. The only road to a genuinely bigger paycheck runs through the front office: department head, assistant principal, principal. So the teacher faces a quiet ultimatum: abandon the craft you mastered, or accept that your salary has essentially stopped growing.
Not every great teacher wants leadership
Some teachers want leadership, and they should be celebrated and developed for it. Leadership is vital work. But plenty of excellent teachers do not want to lead adults, manage budgets, or spend their days in meetings about timetables — they want to teach. That is not a lack of ambition. It is a different calling, and it is fine. The problem is that our systems treat “not wanting leadership” as “not wanting growth,” and punish it with stagnant pay.
This is how schools lose their best practitioners twice over. First, the classroom loses a master teacher. Second, leadership gains a reluctant administrator — someone promoted for classroom excellence into a job that requires an entirely different skill set, often without the training or the desire for it. Students pay the price on both ends: an ordinary classroom where an extraordinary one used to be, and a leadership team carrying someone who never wanted the job.
The uncomfortable truth is that most teachers who move “up” are not chasing power. They are chasing the salary. Ask honestly around staff rooms and the answer repeats itself: “I love teaching, but I couldn’t afford to stay.” When the pay ladder points in only one direction, we should not be surprised that talent walks that way — or out of the profession entirely.
I love teaching, but I couldn’t afford to stay.
So what should leaders do? If we agree that keeping great teachers in classrooms matters — and every school mission statement says it does — then leaders must build a fair, serious salary solution for the teacher who never wants a leadership title. Not a pat on the back. Not “Teacher of the Year” and a mug. Real money, real yearly growth, real recognition.
Five ways to keep great teachers in the classroom
Here is what that looks like in practice.
First, dual career ladders. The most respected systems in the world let educators advance without abandoning students. Singapore is the famous example, with its three tracks — teaching, leadership, and specialist — where a master teacher can progress as far, and earn as much, as a school leader. A “Master Teacher” or “Expert Teacher” band should carry pay comparable to assistant-principal level, with its own progression steps. Advancement within the classroom track must be as financially meaningful as advancement out of it. If the classroom track tops out at half the leadership track, the ladder is decorative.
Second, decouple annual growth from job changes. A teacher’s salary should keep growing every year they remain excellent — through meaningful step increases, progression linked to demonstrated practice, or longevity premiums — not freeze the moment they decline a promotion. Yearly growth is not a bonus; it is the basic signal that the institution values continuity in the classroom. A system in which the only raise comes with a new title is a system that taxes loyalty.
Third, pay for the leadership of practice, not just the leadership of people. Master teachers can mentor novices, lead curriculum design, coach colleagues, teach demonstration lessons, and supervise student teachers. These roles keep them teaching while recognizing their expertise — and they should come with stipends or release time, not just extra workload piled onto a full timetable. Too often schools extract this labor for free, which is its own quiet insult: we will take your mastery, we just won’t pay for it.
Fourth, fix recognition so it isn’t only titles. Public, credible recognition — fellowships, published practice, conference keynotes funded by the school, named chairs in independent schools, real authority over curriculum — tells a master teacher they are seen. Recognition without money is hollow; money without recognition is cold. The package has to carry both, or the best people will read the gap for what it is.
Fifth, protect the economics honestly. None of this is free, and leaders should say so. But put it next to the real cost of churn: recruitment fees, induction years, the learning loss when a great classroom goes ordinary, the leadership churn when reluctant administrators burn out and leave. Retention is the cheapest reform a school can buy. The expensive option is the one most schools are already paying: replacing master teachers every few years and wondering why results never compound.
Teaching as a destination, not a waiting room
None of this requires teachers to become leaders. It requires leaders to become serious about teaching as a destination — a career with a summit of its own, not a waiting room for administration. The day a brilliant young teacher can look at a thirty-year classroom career and see dignity, growth, and proper pay in it, the pipeline problem starts to solve itself.
The LinkedIn debate went viral because it named something teachers feel in their bones: the system asks them to choose between their craft and their livelihood, and then acts surprised when the craft loses. That is a design failure, not a motivation failure. And design failures belong to leadership to fix.
DZY INFO exists for conversations exactly like this one — Dedicated to the Zenith of Youth. The zenith of a young person’s potential is reached in classrooms led by teachers who are masters of their art: fairly paid, visibly honored, and free to stay exactly where they do their best work. A school that cannot keep its best teachers in its classrooms does not have a talent problem. It has a compensation problem disguised as one. Leaders: fix the compensation, and watch the talent stay.
Leadership
Crisis Leadership Is Built on Ordinary Tuesdays
Subheadline: When crisis hits a school, the leader people follow is the one they already trusted. That trust is built long before anyone needs it.
Meta description: An editor's essay on crisis leadership in schools — why the decisive work happens before the crisis, not during it.
Every head of school carries a quiet file in the back of their mind: the crisis plan. Fire, lockdown, a safeguarding emergency, a sudden death in the community, a reputational storm arriving by smartphone at 6 a.m. Most schools have the technical side covered — the U.S. Department of Education's REMS framework has standardized emergency planning to a fine art, and any competent operations team can run a drill.
But drills are not leadership. When a real crisis arrives, it does not test the plan. It tests the leader. And the verdict is usually decided long before the crisis — on ordinary Tuesdays, in the thousand small interactions that determine whether a community trusts its head.
Trust is the crisis plan
Consider what a school crisis actually demands of a leader. Decisions with incomplete information, under time pressure, with frightened people watching. Communication that must be fast, honest, and calm — including the hardest sentence in leadership: "We don't know yet, but here is what we are doing."
None of that can be improvised into existence at the moment of need. A leader who has spent years being visible, candid, and fair has a reservoir to draw on; people extend the benefit of the doubt because the balance is positive. A leader who has been distant, political, or economical with the truth discovers — at the worst possible moment — that the account is empty. Trust, as the organizational research has long shown, is built in drops and lost in buckets. Crises are bucket moments. The only question is how full the reservoir was.
This is why the Wallace Foundation's finding about leadership matters beyond its original context. Leithwood and colleagues showed that leadership's effect on schools works indirectly — through culture, through people, through the conditions leaders create. Crisis leadership runs on exactly those channels. The culture you built is the crisis response you get.
What crisis-ready leaders do differently
The technical plan belongs to the operations manual. The leadership disciplines belong to the head, and they are practiced in calm weather.
They communicate before they must. The instinct in a crisis is to wait until the facts are complete. It is almost always wrong. Silence fills with rumor, and rumor in a school community moves at the speed of the parent WhatsApp group. Crisis-ready leaders communicate early, briefly, and repeatedly — what happened, what we know, what we don't, what happens next. Kotter's work on urgency carries a warning here too: urgency is clarity and energy, not alarm. The leader's tone in the first message sets the emotional temperature for everything that follows.
They are physically present. In a crisis, the head's location is a message. The leader who is in the building, at the gate, in the staff room — visible, unhurried, available — is doing more crisis leadership than any statement. Absence, even for good reason, reads as distance. Staff and parents take their cue from the leader's composure; composure cannot be Zoomed in convincingly.
They decide, then refine. Crises punish perfectionism. The leader who waits for complete information cedes the initiative to events. Better to make the best decision available, communicate it clearly, and adjust openly as facts arrive. Communities forgive a leader who corrects course. They do not forgive a leader who froze.
They care for the carers. In every school crisis, a second crisis unfolds quietly: the staff absorbing everyone else's fear. Teachers holding it together for children all day, then going home to their own dread. Crisis-ready leaders name this, create space for it, and bring in support before burnout does the scheduling. A staff that feels held can hold others. A staff that feels used cannot.
They review without blame. After the crisis comes the debrief — and its quality determines whether the school is stronger or merely relieved. The discipline is to examine systems, not to hunt scapegoats. What did the plan miss? Where did communication lag? What will change before next time? Schools that debrief honestly compound their readiness. Schools that debrief defensively just get older.
The ordinary Tuesday doctrine
Here is our editorial proposition, stated as plainly as we can: crisis leadership is not a separate skill. It is everyday leadership, under load. The head who communicates honestly in staff briefings will communicate honestly in emergencies. The head who is visible on Tuesdays will be credible on the worst day. The head who has built a culture where bad news travels upward fast — where a teacher reports the worry early rather than hiding it — has built the only early-warning system that actually works: human beings who trust their leader enough to speak.
So the crisis audit for any head is not "is the plan current?" — though it should be. It is: do my staff trust me? Do parents believe I tell the truth? When something went wrong last term, did people come to me early? The answers are your real crisis readiness score.
No leader chooses the crisis. Every leader chooses, daily, the trust account it will be met with. Build it on ordinary Tuesdays. You will spend it on the day you never wanted — and it will be enough.
The Editors of DZY INFO write on the craft and conscience of education leadership.
Leadership
Leading a Multilingual School Is Not a Translation Problem
Subheadline: Too many school leaders treat multilingualism as a communications task. The research says it is an architecture — and the leader is the architect.
Meta description: An editor's essay on what leading a multilingual school actually requires, grounded in Thomas & Collier's bilingual education research.
Walk into almost any international school and you will find the same ritual: the newsletter translated into three languages, the signage doubled or tripled, the assembly opened with greetings in each tongue. It looks like multilingual leadership. It is, mostly, multilingual decoration.
Here is the uncomfortable truth the research has been telling us for decades: a school's multilingualism is not measured by how many languages appear on its walls. It is measured by what happens to children's minds inside its classrooms — and that is a leadership design problem, not a translation problem.
What the evidence actually says
The most comprehensive research program on bilingual schooling comes from Wayne Thomas and Virginia Collier, whose longitudinal studies tracked more than 700,000 student records across American school systems over two decades. The headline finding is stark: students who received bilingual education with strong mother-tongue literacy development consistently outperformed students in English-only programs by the end of secondary school — even though the bilingual students spent less instructional time in English during their early years.
The mechanism was predicted decades earlier by Jim Cummins at the University of Toronto. His threshold hypothesis holds that children develop academic language most effectively by building on a strong first-language foundation: the cognitive tools forged through deep literacy in a mother tongue — reading for meaning, constructing arguments, handling abstract content — transfer to the second language. Cummins' research placed the cognitive threshold around ages 11 to 12: learners who keep developing academically in their first language reach young-adult levels of thinking skill in it, and carry those skills across. Learners schooled only in a second language typically never reach that threshold in either tongue.
Add the engagement findings — Lindholm-Leary's work showing dual-language students attend more, engage more deeply, and report higher satisfaction — and the picture is complete. The science of multilingual education is, to borrow a phrase, settled. Which makes the leadership question urgent: why do so many multilingual schools still behave as if it weren't?
The architecture only the leader can build
If the research is settled, the failures are organizational. And they belong to leadership. Four design decisions sit squarely with the head, and no translation budget can substitute for them.
First, the status of languages. Children are anthropologists: they learn within weeks which language the school really values. Is the home language a bridge or a problem to be managed? Schools that treat multilingualism as a deficit — English-only corridors, mother tongue as a support class — get the outcomes of a deficit model. The leader sets this not with slogans but with structure: which languages carry academic weight, which appear in assessment, which are heard in the rooms where decisions are made.
Second, staffing as language planning. A teacher who speaks a language is not the same as a teacher who can teach academic content in it. Leading a multilingual school means recruiting for bilingual pedagogy, developing it where it doesn't exist, and — hardest of all — resisting the market pressure to staff the prestigious language and improvise the rest. Every hiring decision is a language-policy decision. Most heads don't know they're making one.
Third, protected instructional time. Thomas and Collier's findings depend on sustained, serious instruction in both languages over years — not a weekly "mother tongue slot" squeezed between extras. Timetabling is language policy. When the second language loses hours every time the schedule gets tight, the school has announced its real beliefs about bilingualism, whatever the mission statement says.
Fourth, assessment in both languages. You get what you measure. A school that assesses only in the dominant language will, whatever its intentions, teach only in the dominant language — because teachers, rationally, teach to the measure. Leaders who want genuine bilingual outcomes must build assessment systems that honor both.
The deeper failure
But there is a deeper failure, and it is cultural. Many school leaders still frame linguistic diversity as a complication — something to be managed, accommodated, worked around. The research invites the opposite frame: multilingualism as cognitive capital. The child arriving with a strong home language is not behind; she is carrying the very foundation the science says predicts long-term academic success. The leader's job is to make the school worthy of what she brought.
This newspaper was founded by educators who have led schools across languages and continents. We have watched heads spend fortunes on language programs while starving them of status, time, and assessment weight — then conclude that "bilingualism doesn't work here." It works where leaders build the architecture for it. It fails where leaders decorate instead.
So here is our editorial challenge to every head of a multilingual school: audit your architecture. Count the instructional hours per language. Read your last three hiring decisions as language-policy decisions. Ask your students which language the school respects. Then stop translating the newsletter — and start designing the school the research describes.
The languages on your walls are a promise. Leadership is keeping it.
The Editors of DZY INFO write on the craft and conscience of education leadership.
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